What is Astaxanthin?

Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring ketocarotenoid, an advanced member of the carotenoid family, with the chemical name 3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione. This potent antioxidant exhibits a vibrant orange-red color and is the natural pigment responsible for the distinctive pink hues of salmon, shrimp, crab, and flamingos. Widely acclaimed by the scientific community as one of nature's most powerful antioxidants, its activity in inhibiting lipid peroxidation far surpasses that of other carotenoids, being more than 550 times stronger than Vitamin E and 6000 times stronger than Vitamin C, earning it the title "King of Antioxidants."

Astaxanthin's molecular structure is exceptionally unique, featuring a conjugated double bond system, hydroxyl groups, and ketone groups, forming a distinct amphiphilic structure described as "polar-nonpolar-polar." This structure is highly similar to the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes, allowing it to easily cross the blood-brain barrier and cell membranes. This property enables it to reach various parts of the body (including the brain, eyes, and nervous system) to provide comprehensive protection, a feat most other antioxidants cannot achieve. Its powerful conjugated double bond system not only effectively neutralizes free radicals but is also particularly efficient at quenching highly destructive singlet oxygen. Notably, astaxanthin does not convert to Vitamin A in the human body, meaning it can focus solely on antioxidant function without the risk of Vitamin A hypervitaminosis.

As a representative of the "fourth generation of natural antioxidants," the discovery and application of astaxanthin mark a new stage in the field of antioxidants, offering new possibilities for preventing and adjunctively treating various oxidative stress-related diseases (such as alleviating exercise fatigue, protecting vision, skincare anti-aging, etc.).

Table: Comparison of Antioxidant Capacity between Astaxanthin and Other Antioxidants

Antioxidant	Antioxidant Capacity Comparison	Main Sources
Astaxanthin	Baseline	Haematococcus pluvialis
Vitamin C	1/6000 of Astaxanthin	Citrus fruits
Vitamin E	1/1000 of Astaxanthin	Nuts, seeds
Coenzyme Q10	1/800 of Astaxanthin	Meat, fish
Anthocyanins	1/700 of Astaxanthin	Berries
β-Carotene	1/110 of Astaxanthin	Carrots, leafy greens

Sources of Astaxanthin

The primary ways to obtain astaxanthin are through natural sources and artificial synthesis.

Natural Astaxanthin mainly comes from the following four sources:

Haematococcus pluvialis: Recognized as the best biological source for producing astaxanthin in nature, with an astaxanthin content as high as 1.5%-3%, even reaching 10%. This freshwater microalga accumulates large amounts of astaxanthin as a protective mechanism under environmental stress conditions (such as nutrient deficiency, high temperature, or high light intensity). It produces 100% left-handed (3S,3'S) stereoisomers, which have the highest biological activity. Currently, most high-quality astaxanthin supplements are derived from Haematococcus pluvialis.
Phaffia rhodozyma: This yeast can also produce astaxanthin, but its total astaxanthin content is relatively low, and it exists mainly in esterified forms, making extraction costly. Its commercial application scale is much smaller than that of Haematococcus pluvialis.
Aquaculture Processing By-products: Astaxanthin can be extracted from the shells of crustaceans like shrimp and crab, but the content is very low (<0.1%), the extraction process is complex, and there may be allergy risks. Therefore, it is generally not used for human nutrition products.
Bacterial Sources: Certain bacteria, such as Paracoccus, can also produce astaxanthin, but commercial application is currently limited.

Synthetic Astaxanthin:

Primarily produced through chemical synthesis (e.g., starting from β-carotene). The product is a mixture of three stereoisomers (3S,3'S, 3R,3'S, 3R,3'R), with about 95% being the "cis" structure (3R,3'S), which differs from the natural configuration. Due to this difference in stereostructure, the bioavailability and antioxidant activity of synthetic astaxanthin are significantly reduced; studies show its biological activity is only about 20%-50% of that of natural (left-handed) astaxanthin. Therefore, synthetic astaxanthin is currently mainly used as an additive in aquaculture feed (e.g., salmon farming) to improve the body color of farmed fish.

Table: Comparison of Characteristics of Astaxanthin from Different Sources

Characteristic	H. pluvialis Source	P. rhodozyma Source	Synthetic Source
Astaxanthin Content	High (1.5%-10%)	Medium	High
Stereoisomer	100% Left-handed (3S,3'S)	Mixed	Mixed (Left: Meso: Right = 1:2:1)
Antioxidant Activity	Very High	Medium	Low
Bioavailability	High	Medium	Low
Safety	High	Medium	Low (Banned for food use)
Main Application	Supplements, Cosmetics	Feed Additive	Feed Additive

The Efficacy of Astaxanthin

The health benefits of astaxanthin primarily stem from its exceptional antioxidant properties and unique molecular structure. The long conjugated double bond system and terminal hydroxyl and ketone groups in its molecule endow it a powerful ability to neutralize free radicals. It acts like an electron donor, efficiently terminating free radical chain reactions. More uniquely, astaxanthin can "span" the entire cell membrane, protecting both the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, providing 360-degree cellular-level protection, an advantage unmatched by other antioxidants. Furthermore, it not only directly scavenges free radicals but also acts like a "starter switch" to activate the Nrf2 pathway, stimulating the body's own internal antioxidant defense system.

Specific Health Benefits:

Skin Health and Anti-Aging (astaxanthin for skin): Astaxanthin precisely neutralizes free radicals that cause skin aging, effectively reducing fine lines and wrinkles, improving slackness, and restoring skin's firm, elastic, and radiant appearance. It inhibits melanin production at the source, lightens spots, and promotes intrinsic whitening. Its excellent moisturizing ability enhances the skin's moisture barrier while comprehensively promoting cell repair, significantly reducing damage caused by UV rays and environmental pollution, and boosting the skin's intrinsic resistance. Clinical studies have confirmed its protective effect against UV-induced skin aging, making astaxanthin for skin a top-tier antioxidant choice.
Eye Protection (astaxanthin for eye health): Astaxanthin is one of the few carotenoids that can cross the blood-retina barrier, providing direct protection to retinal and ocular tissues, effectively preventing age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts. It improves ocular blood flow, delivering more oxygen and nutrients to the eyes, and works synergistically with lutein and zeaxanthin to provide comprehensive protection against light damage, effectively alleviating digital eye strain and dry eye discomfort. This makes astaxanthin for eye health particularly valuable in today's screen-intensive world.
Brain and Cognitive Function: Thanks to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, astaxanthin provides direct antioxidant defense to brain neurons. Research confirms it helps delay age-related cognitive decline and improves the pathophysiology of various neurodegenerative diseases. Its mechanisms include promoting neuroregeneration and upregulating the expression of key proteins related to brain repair (such as BDNF, GAP-43), acting as a "guardian" for the brain.
Exercise Performance and Recovery: Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during exercise are the main culprits behind muscle fatigue and damage. Astaxanthin efficiently scavenges ROS, accelerates muscle repair, reduces delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and helps athletes recover faster, improving performance and endurance.
Cardiovascular Health: Astaxanthin inhibits the oxidation of "bad cholesterol" (LDL), preventing the formation of atherosclerotic plaques at the source. Simultaneously, it increases levels of "good cholesterol" (HDL), assisting in reverse cholesterol transport, thereby stabilizing plaques and providing comprehensive support for cardiovascular health.
Immune System Support: Immune cells are highly sensitive to oxidative damage. Astaxanthin protects immune cells, enhancing the body's overall defense capability. Studies show that astaxanthin supplementation can increase T-cell and B-cell counts, reduce DNA damage, and lower levels of inflammatory markers (such as C-reactive protein). Research published in Hubei Agricultural Sciences also clearly indicates that astaxanthin significantly enhances cellular and humoral immune function.
Anti-Inflammatory Properties: Astaxanthin is a natural anti-inflammatory agent, effectively inhibiting the production of various inflammatory mediators. By reducing systemic chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, it helps restore the body to a balanced state. Many people experience its benefits in relieving joint pain and increasing flexibility within 2-4 weeks of supplementation.

How to Produce Natural Astaxanthin Powder?

Complete Production Process from Haematococcus pluvialis to Standardized Astaxanthin Product.

Stage 1: Raw Material Quality Control

1.Algal Strain Selection and Optimization

Select high-yield astaxanthin algal strains (e.g., Haematococcus pluvialis), using genetic editing or traditional mutagenesis techniques to enhance their astaxanthin synthesis capability.

Verify strain purity (e.g., through PCR testing for genetic stability), absence of pathogen contamination, and assess its ability to tolerate stress conditions like high light intensity and high salinity.

2.Raw Material Pretreatment

Test algal cultures for heavy metals (lead, cadmium, etc.), microbial contamination (e.g., E. coli), and chemical residues (e.g., pesticides) to ensure compliance with FDA or EU standards.

Stage 2: Biomass Production & Astaxanthin Induction

3.Green Growth Stage (Biomass Accumulation)

Cultivate in transparent column or flat-panel photobioreactors, controlling temperature (20-25°C), pH (7.0-7.5), light intensity (100-200 μmol/m²/s), using glucose or sucrose as carbon source to promote rapid algal proliferation, achieving a biomass concentration of 5-8 g/L.

4.Red Stress Stage (Astaxanthin Induction)

Induction Strategy: Apply environmental stress conditions when biomass reaches a certain density to trigger massive synthesis of astaxanthin (encystment).

Stress Conditions:

Nutrient Limitation: Significantly reduce or completely deprive nitrogen source (e.g., nitrate).
High Light Stress: Greatly increase light intensity.
Other Stresses: Apply salt stress or oxidative stress if necessary.

Process Monitoring: Continuously monitor cell morphology (transition from green motile cells to red non-motile cysts) and astaxanthin content (sampling via spectroscopy or HPLC) until accumulation peaks (typically takes 5-7 days).

Stage 3: Harvesting & Pre-treatment

5.Cell Concentration

Use continuous-flow centrifuges (speed 8000-10000 rpm) or membrane filtration technology (ceramic membrane pore size 0.1 μm) to rapidly harvest algal cells, with a solids recovery rate >90%.

6.Cell Disruption

Necessity: Haematococcus pluvialis forms an extremely tough cell wall (cyst wall) during the stress stage; disruption is essential for efficient release of internal astaxanthin.

Techniques:

Mechanical Methods: High-pressure homogenization (50-100 MPa) or ultrasonic fragmentation (20 kHz, 500 W) to break down the cell wall and release astaxanthin esters.
Enzymatic Method: Add cellulase + pectinase (1:1 ratio, pH 5.5, 45°C) to improve disruption efficiency and reduce degradation of heat-sensitive astaxanthin.

Stage 4: Extraction & Purification

7.Extraction

The disrupted algal slurry or powder needs extraction to dissolve astaxanthin from the cellular matrix.

Main Extraction Technologies:

Supercritical CO2 Fluid Extraction (SFE-CO2): This is currently recognized as a high-end, green, and environmentally friendly extraction method. It uses supercritical CO2 (which has both gas-like permeability and liquid-like solubility) as a solvent to selectively extract astaxanthin in a low-temperature, light-free, oxygen-free environment. It leaves no organic solvent residues, and the product has high purity, but equipment investment is significant.
Organic Solvent Extraction: Use ethanol-acetone mixed solvent (3:1 volume ratio) for countercurrent extraction at low temperature (4-10°C), achieving an astaxanthin extraction rate >95%.

8.Purification and Concentration

The extract or saponified liquid is evaporated to remove solvent, yielding astaxanthin oleoresin (typically 1%-10% content).

To obtain higher purity (e.g., >95%), further purification is required, which can be achieved using methods like column chromatography (e.g., silica gel column, macroporous adsorption resin).

Stage 5: Stabilization & Product Formation

9.Stabilization Treatment (Core Technology)

Under nitrogen protection, mix astaxanthin with maltodextrin (carrier), ascorbic acid (antioxidant), and form microcapsules with an embedding rate >95% via spray drying (inlet air temperature 180-200°C) to prevent oxidation and photodegradation.

Microencapsulation technology significantly improves the stability of astaxanthin (studies show an 8-fold increase), masks unpleasant odors, and converts it into a water-soluble powder, greatly expanding its application range (e.g., for use in solid beverages, tablets, etc.).

10.Finished Product Packaging

Package using aluminum composite bags (oxygen transmission rate >99%) or nitrogen-filled aluminum cans, store in a light-free environment at <15°C, shelf life ≥24 months.

Stage 6: Quality Control System

11.Key Indicator Testing

Quality control runs through the entire production process to ensure safety, efficacy, and consistency.

Astaxanthin Content and Purity: Use HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) to accurately determine total astaxanthin content and the ratio of different isomers (natural algal source should be 100% left-handed).
Heavy Metals and Microorganisms: Strictly test for heavy metal content (lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, etc.) and microbial indicators (total plate count, mold, E. coli), ensuring compliance with food safety standards.
Solvent Residues: If organic solvent extraction is used, test for relevant solvent residues to ensure compliance with regulations.
Stability Testing: Evaluate product shelf life through accelerated testing (e.g., 40°C, 75% relative humidity).

Visual flowchart of astaxanthin production from microalgae, including cultivation, extraction, and purification stages.

Specification Sheet Reference

Parameter	Specification
Product Name	Natural Astaxanthin Power (from Haematococcus pluvialis)
Botanical Source	Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae
INCI Name	Haematococcus Pluvialis Extract
CAS No.	472-61-7
EINECS No.	207-451-4
Molecular Formula	C40H52O4
Molecular Weight	596.85 g/mol
Solubility	Insoluble in water, soluble in oils and ethanol
Certifications	ISO available. Please contact sales team for details.
MOQs	1kg
Sample	Available (10-20g/bag)
OEM Service	Available
ODM Service	Available
Private Label	Available
Contract Manufacturing	Available

Conclusion

Natural astaxanthin is one of the strongest known natural antioxidants, helping to combat oxidative stress and supporting skin, eye, and brain health.

FAQs

Is astaxanthin safe?

Yes, astaxanthin derived from natural sources like Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae is generally recognized as safe for most people. Clinical studies have shown excellent safety profiles at recommended doses (4-12mg daily).

How to take astaxanthin powder?

Astaxanthin is fat-soluble, so absorption is enhanced when taken with dietary fat. Follow these guidelines for powder form:
Recommended Dosage:

General health: 2–4 mg per day.
Athletic performance/skin health: 4–12 mg per day (studies show benefits at these levels).
Do not exceed 40 mg/day without medical supervision.

What is astaxanthin good for?

Astaxanthin is a powerhouse antioxidant renowned for:

Skin Health: Reducing wrinkles and improving elasticity and hydration.
Eye & Brain Support: Combating oxidative stress in the eyes and central nervous system.
Immunity & Recovery: Enhancing the immune response and reducing inflammation for faster muscle recovery.
Energy & Endurance: Boosting stamina and reducing fatigue by improving mitochondrial function.

Is astaxanthin FDA-approval?

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved astaxanthin for use as a dietary supplement and food ingredient. However, the FDA does not provide specific approval for dietary supplements or natural compounds. It is essential to choose astaxanthin products from reputable manufacturers and ensure they comply with FDA regulations.

How to Store Astaxanthin Powder?

Store in a cool, dark place, away from heat and direct sunlight. Ensure the powder’s container is airtight to prevent oxidation.

GET A QUOTE

Quotation Request: Natural Astaxanthin Powder

Inquiry Form